Retiring Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Kan Kai-yan has warned that artificial intelligence (AI) presents a new national security threat to Hong Kong, emphasizing that law enforcement agencies are increasingly relying on the technology to counter related risks.
Kan, who led the National Security Department and is concluding his 35-year tenure with the force, spoke after state security minister Chen Yixin highlighted concerns over AI’s role in escalating national security challenges during a recent address. Chen called for strengthened risk prevention frameworks and enhanced global governance over AI technologies.
In Hong Kong’s annual policy address last week, Chief Executive John Lee Ka-chiu announced plans to implement an AI risk-governance strategy aimed at combating criminal uses of AI and developing safety guidelines for AI agents.
Kan noted that AI-driven attacks on critical infrastructure and corporate computer systems have been observed overseas, along with the generation of misinformation through such technologies. He expressed particular concern about the potential exploitation of AI by anti-government actors for crimes threatening national security.
“To combat AI-related crimes, law enforcement is also deploying AI tools,” Kan said, citing the use of AI to monitor social media for signs of “soft resistance,” a term officials use to describe subtle forms of dissent against the government. He added that advances in computing and AI have reduced the ability to conceal criminal intent, warning potential offenders against testing the law.
Regarding the legal framework, Kan stated that existing laws remain sufficient for now but acknowledged that future legislation might become necessary as technology evolves rapidly. He referenced Section 50 of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance, which addresses computer-related threats to national security, as well as the Protection of Critical Infrastructures (Computer Systems) Ordinance that safeguards essential infrastructure and banking systems.
Kan identified four main national security challenges requiring vigilance over the coming years: soft resistance, home-grown terrorism, foreign influence, and espionage.
Earlier this year, national security police raided three independent bookstores suspected of selling or displaying material with seditious intent. Kan stressed that enforcement actions were taken only after officers reviewed the books and consulted legal experts, rejecting accusations of arbitrary arrests.
He also opposed publishing a list of banned books, arguing that responsibility lies with sellers to ensure compliance with national security laws. He likened this to restaurant owners ensuring food safety and cautioned that publishing a list would not resolve ongoing challenges, as new questionable material could emerge unpredictably.
Kan encouraged booksellers to review materials themselves and seek legal advice when uncertain, warning that ignorance could not excuse the sale of prohibited content. He described continued refusal to acknowledge legal boundaries as a form of soft resistance.
He observed that such resistance has become more covert and underground since the national security laws came into effect, with various platforms—including cultural, arts, and online media—being used to disseminate misinformation, incite hostility, and foster resentment toward local and central governments.
On distinguishing soft resistance from legitimate freedom of speech, Kan pointed to intent to incite and the basis of criticism in factual evidence as key factors.
When asked about his post-retirement plans or potential involvement with the Committee for Safeguarding National Security, Kan said he intends to rest and spend time with his family before considering future roles.