Archaeologists have uncovered the first concrete evidence of a medieval Anglo-Saxon enclave in Rome, revealing that English pilgrims and expatriates enjoyed unique privileges, including the use of their own currency. The discovery centers on 20 Anglo-Saxon coins—19 silver pennies and one halfpenny—dating from approximately AD 900 to AD 970, found beneath the walled garden of the Palazzo della Rovere near the Vatican.
These coins were minted in various regions of England, including East Anglia, Kent, London, and the West Midlands, during the reigns of King Edward the Elder (899–924) and his grandsons Æthelstan (924–939) and Eadred (946–955). Fourteen coins were recovered in clusters within ancient rubbish pits, while six others were scattered nearby. This find is significant as it provides physical confirmation of the Schola Saxonum, or Saxon School, an institution believed to have been founded in the 8th century by King Ine of Wessex as a hostel and chapel for English pilgrims.
Historical records have long referenced a Saxon quarter in Rome, established to accommodate the growing number of visitors from the British Isles, including merchants, royalty, and pilgrims. It was located near a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where it is thought that Burgred, a 9th-century exiled king of Mercia, was buried. However, until now, no archaeological remains had substantiated these accounts.
The abundance of Anglo-Saxon coins challenges typical expectations, as most foreign visitors to Rome in this era were required to exchange their native currency for papal coinage, known as denarii sancti Petri. The presence of a considerable number of English coins suggests that the Anglo-Saxon community may have received a special exemption from this rule. Such privileges might date back to 883 when Pope Marinus I granted the English quarter an exemption from all tolls and tributes, reportedly at the request of King Alfred the Great.
Experts note that this Anglo-Saxon community was substantial, likely consisting of hundreds of residents who established workshops and markets, effectively maintaining a "miniature Anglo-Saxon town" within Rome. The coins’ presence reflects significant financial flows from England during the 10th century and implies ongoing trade and daily economic activity.
Researchers described the journey to Rome as perilous for Anglo-Saxon pilgrims, with many losing their lives en route. Yet upon arrival, they obtained special treatment and privileges not afforded to other foreigners. This community’s exceptional status is underscored by the right to bury their dead within their quarter and, apparently, to use their native currency for everyday transactions.
The findings complement historical narratives and provide new insights into the integration and influence of Anglo-Saxon expatriates in medieval Rome, illustrating a vibrant enclave that blended religious purpose, commerce, and cultural identity within the city’s diverse milieu.