Japan’s long-standing approach to disaster management, known as bosai, encompasses a comprehensive framework that includes preparedness, risk mitigation, response, recovery, and reconstruction. This system has been shaped by the country’s vulnerability to a wide range of natural hazards, including earthquakes, typhoons, torrential rain, and tsunamis, which are frequent due to Japan’s distinctive geography and climate.

Major seismic events remain a recurrent challenge for Japan. Notable earthquakes in recent decades include the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, and the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. More recently, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Kumamoto on July 28, registering the highest possible intensity level, 7, on the Japanese seismic intensity scale.

Local governments continue to refine their disaster preparedness measures by leveraging lessons learned from prior events. One critical aspect is ensuring timely and accessible communication of emergency information, which can significantly affect outcomes during crises.

With over 4 million foreign residents and a steady influx of tourists, Japan recognizes that language and cultural differences can hinder effective communication during emergencies. This group is identified as saigai jakusha, or people vulnerable during disasters, due to challenges in understanding emergency announcements and navigating the disaster response system.

The vulnerabilities of foreign residents became evident during the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, when the Kumamoto City International Center opened a dedicated evacuation facility for foreigners. However, many unaware of this option sought refuge in public shelters instead. Accounts from those evacuees highlighted difficulties such as the exclusive use of Japanese in shelter notices, leaving non-Japanese speakers uncertain about how to access food and next steps.

Cultural and religious considerations also presented challenges. Some Muslim evacuees, for instance, were unable to consume emergency meals because they contained pork-derived ingredients, which are not halal. These experiences demonstrated that disaster preparedness extends beyond infrastructure to include effective communication, cultural sensitivity, and accessible information.

In response, Japan has enhanced its disaster management efforts to better address the diverse needs of its population. The national government now provides a range of multilingual resources via the Cabinet Office’s disaster management website, including downloadable guides like "Disaster Mitigation Points for Foreigners" and recommendations for helpful apps and websites.

For real-time emergency communication, the Japan Tourism Agency offers the free Safety tips smartphone app, which delivers push notifications about disasters in multiple languages. The app also provides information on evacuation procedures, emergency supplies, services, and hazard risks, aiming to improve safety and awareness for foreign residents and visitors alike. These steps represent a continuing commitment to making bosai an inclusive and effective part of everyday life in Japan.