Since assuming leadership in 2012, President Xi Jinping has spearheaded a revival of classical Chinese philosophy, integrating ancient thought—particularly Confucianism—into modern governance frameworks. This marks a significant departure from the attitudes of earlier Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders, who often dismissed these philosophies as outdated remnants of a feudal past.

Xi’s initiative involves blending Marxist theory with elements of traditional Chinese intellectual heritage, a synthesis embodied in what is now known as "Xi Jinping Thought." The proliferation of Confucius Institutes worldwide serves as a tangible example of China’s efforts to reclaim and disseminate its cultural roots. As the CCP approaches its 90th anniversary and grapples with slowing economic growth, this emphasis on historical philosophy provides an alternative source of legitimacy. The party is increasingly championing values like social hierarchy, stable governance, and respect for tradition, offering a distinctly Chinese ideological foundation that avoids reliance on Western political models.

Political philosopher Daniel Bell explores these themes in his recent work, emphasizing that China’s intellectual traditions are far more diverse than many Western narratives suggest. Bell, a Canadian-born scholar based in Hong Kong, is known for his extensive study of Confucianism and his nuanced defense of elements of China’s political system. His latest book adopts a dialogic format, staging hypothetical conversations among ancient thinkers, including Confucius, Zhuangzi of Daoism, Mencius, and Shang Yang of the Legalist school. These dialogues situate classical ideas within contemporary dilemmas such as social harmony, governance, corruption, and the ongoing Taiwan issue.

Bell’s treatment is accessible, offering readers an introduction to complex philosophical debates without requiring direct engagement with ancient texts. However, the dialogues also highlight tensions within China’s intellectual heritage and underscore skepticism toward some of Xi’s policies. For instance, in discussing anti-corruption efforts, Bell’s modern Confucian persona critiques the selective nature of enforcement, suggesting that political rivals, rather than genuine transgressors, are targeted. On Taiwan, Bell imagines a debate reflecting real-world uncertainties, with one interlocutor cautioning against military intervention despite Beijing’s declared red line.

Parallel to Bell’s academic work, University of Georgia professor Rongbin Han has examined the rise of history-themed internet novels in China. These works, which often romanticize or reimagine past eras, reflect growing public interest in historical narratives amid contemporary challenges. However, Han notes increased censorship of such writing by Chinese authorities wary of potential covert criticism of the current regime.

While these explorations of ancient thought indicate a degree of intellectual pluralism, Bell cautions that this space remains tightly controlled. He warns that official endorsement of Confucianism by the CCP could lead to rigid orthodoxy, with dissenting interpretations suppressed in ways reminiscent of earlier restrictions on Marxist thought in China.

Ultimately, the revival of Confucian and other classical ideas serves multiple purposes for the Chinese leadership: bolstering regime legitimacy, providing culturally resonant governance models, and framing policy debates. Yet, this intellectual reawakening also faces inherent constraints within an increasingly authoritarian political environment, raising questions about the future of China’s philosophical diversity.