Daniel, a 22-year-old living in Somerset with his mother Claire and two younger siblings, has spent nearly five years largely confined to his bedroom, rarely leaving the family home. Since finishing school, he has not been employed, in education, or training. Instead, Daniel has chosen a life of social withdrawal, engaging in activities such as gaming, watching films, listening to podcasts, and reading online forums. He occasionally leaves his room to use the bathroom or kitchen, and rarely goes outside—typically for essential errands like shopping or taking out the bins, often when his mother is not home.

Daniel's lifestyle exemplifies a growing phenomenon known as hikikomori, first identified in Japan during the 1990s. The term, derived from Japanese verbs meaning “to withdraw” and “to seclude oneself,” describes a pattern of extreme social isolation primarily affecting young adults aged 20 to 27, though it can begin in adolescence. Hikikomori involves prolonged avoidance of social interaction, including school or work, and staying at home for at least six months. It is more prevalent among males and has traditionally been viewed as a cultural issue in Japan, where over 1.5 million people live in this state.

Recent research has shown that hikikomori is increasingly common in the United Kingdom. A 2025 study from Brighton and Sussex Medical School found that around 20 percent of surveyed UK university students exhibit early signs of hikikomori-like withdrawal, with one in eight experiencing significant distress. Experts attribute this rise partly to the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns, social anxiety, depression, bullying, low self-esteem, and a societal environment intensified by advances in technology and economic challenges such as taxation on entry-level jobs. One-third of young British men still live at home, and over a million 16 to 24-year-olds are not engaged in employment, education, or training—a group targeted by government initiatives.

Claire describes Daniel’s withdrawal as gradually worsening after the disruption caused by the pandemic, despite initial success in his education. She recalls efforts to encourage him to pursue further education or work, which were met with silence or refusal. Experts working with hikikomori cases advise sensitive, non-confrontational approaches for families, recommending that parents avoid pressure or judgment, as the isolation often provides sufferers a sense of safety and control. Dr. Yoko Nagai from Brighton and Sussex Medical School emphasizes the need for increased awareness and urgent intervention across educational and healthcare settings.

Not all individuals who live as hikikomori see their condition negatively. Lewis, a 19-year-old from north-west England, describes his gradual withdrawal over the past year as a choice aligned with his personality and preferences, particularly as someone who identifies with autism. He finds comfort and reduced stress in limiting social interaction and maintaining autonomy within his home environment, occasionally working freelance jobs remotely.

Countries like South Korea have implemented financial incentives and support programs to encourage social re-engagement among hikikomori, including offers of monthly stipends and access to counseling, education, and other services. Innovative approaches such as immersive experiences for parents, like stays in simulated isolation environments, aim to foster understanding of the phenomenon.

In Daniel’s case, progress has recently been made, with him beginning to spend more time with family, seeking professional help for social anxiety, and applying for training and employment. Though challenges remain, his mother expresses cautious optimism about his future reintegration into society. The hikikomori trend highlights growing concerns about youth mental health and social isolation in the UK and beyond, calling for coordinated efforts by families, healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers.