Israel has developed a network of armed Palestinian militias operating within Gaza, working in close coordination with the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Shin Bet security service. These militias have become an operational extension of Israel’s efforts inside Gaza, particularly in areas under partial Israeli control following the ceasefire declared in October 2025, which divided the territory between IDF-controlled zones and those still held by Hamas.

The development of these militias dates back to mid-2025, when Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu publicly acknowledged Israel’s activation of local clans opposed to Hamas, following security officials’ advice. One prominent figure associated with this network was Yasser Abu Shabab, who led a militia in the Rafah area before his death. Since then, multiple militias—such as the Popular Forces and the Counter-terrorism Strike Force—have emerged, operating across various sectors including Beit Hanoun, Shujaiyeh, Deir al-Balah, Khan Yunis, and Rafah. Their membership reportedly numbers in the hundreds.

These groups operate closely with the IDF, which provides them with artillery and drone support during joint operations targeting Hamas militants, particularly in contested zones along the so-called Yellow Line separating Hamas- and IDF-controlled areas. According to military sources and witnesses, militia members are regularly present at IDF outposts in Gaza, sometimes participating in operations deep inside Hamas territory, including retrieving smuggling drones and weapons caches. They are also involved in efforts to expel residents from certain areas under Israeli expansion campaigns. Reports from the United Nations and testimonies collected from locals indicate that some militias, coordinated with Israeli forces, have forced Gazans to evacuate their homes, with some cases involving looting and property destruction.

Videos posted by the militias show armed displays, combat exercises, and recruitment activities designed to undermine Hamas’ authority and consolidate militia influence. However, these groups lack broad local legitimacy and are often described by Israeli military officials as composed largely of former criminals, gang leaders, and ex-security personnel who have capitalized on Gaza’s volatile environment. Militias acknowledge their cooperation with Israel but frame their role as a form of self-defense against Hamas. For instance, militia leader Shawqi Abu Nasira has publicly stated that his actions are motivated by personal loss and a desire to challenge Hamas’ dominance.

The emergence of these militias has raised concerns within Israel’s defense establishment. Some officials warn that arming and empowering such groups carries significant risks, including the potential for human rights abuses and escalated violence reminiscent of past atrocities. An Israel Air Force officer expressed unease about protecting militias that may commit war crimes during joint operations. Israeli authorities have not publicly addressed legal or ethical questions surrounding the militia program, with requests for comment directed toward the Shin Bet, which did not respond.

The ongoing militia activities have complicated efforts to implement peace initiatives, including the Trump administration’s plan for Gaza. While the plan links progress to Hamas’ disarmament and mandates militia disarmament as a condition for Israeli withdrawal, Netanyahu has rejected the proposal, provoking condemnation from several Arab and Muslim states. Diplomatic efforts continue with visits by U.S. envoys seeking a breakthrough.

Meanwhile, humanitarian conditions in Gaza remain dire. The militias’ compounds, often located near IDF positions, contrast starkly with widespread destruction and overcrowding faced by Gaza’s civilian population. Satellite imagery reveals fortification efforts, training facilities, and even amenities such as shops and playgrounds within militia bases, some equipped with equipment sourced from Israel. Humanitarian agencies report that over two million Palestinians in Gaza live in impoverished conditions, many displaced by ongoing conflict and expulsions.

The situation underscores the complex and volatile nature of Israeli-militia cooperation in Gaza. While Israel views these militias as a tactical asset against Hamas, their presence introduces new dynamics in an already fractured and fragile region.