Saudi Arabia, home to approximately 34 million people, sits prominently on the Arabian Peninsula, known both as the birthplace of Islam and a significant player in the global oil and gas sector. The nation’s landscape is largely defined by arid desert ecosystems, including the vast Rub' al Khali, or Empty Quarter, one of the largest continuous deserts in the world. Despite the harsh environment, scattered oases such as the city of Medina support agriculture and urban life within the desert expanse.
The kingdom lacks permanent rivers or natural lakes, making desalination plants essential for supplying water, particularly in coastal regions along the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Only about 7 percent of the territory is arable, with much of the land consisting of tidal salt flats, rugged mountains, dry seasonal riverbeds, and rocky plateaus. Large portions of Saudi Arabia remain sparsely populated.
Riyadh, the capital and largest city, is situated in the center of the country along the east bank of Wadi Hanifa. With a population of roughly 7 million, the city attracts over 5 million tourists annually. Riyadh has seen substantial growth since the mid-20th century, notably after the removal of its historic defensive walls in the 1950s, transforming into a modern metropolis featuring significant commercial landmarks such as the King Abdullah Financial District (KADF) and the recently developed Boulevard World. The KADF alone comprises 95 towers offering a blend of cultural, leisure, and dining options, many of which provide panoramic views of the city skyline and are accessible via Riyadh’s metro system.
Close to Riyadh lies Diriyah, a suburb of historical significance as the original seat of the ruling House of Saud. This area preserves traditional Najdi mud brick architecture, prominently displayed in the open-air museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site at At-Turaif. The site includes remnants of the first Saudi state, the Salwa Palace, and At-Turaif Mosque, linking visitors to the country’s early history.
Approximately 100 kilometers from Riyadh is the Tuwaik mountain range, featuring a notable geological formation commonly known as the “Edge of the World.” This cliff stands 1,131 meters above the surrounding desert, offering dramatic views typically best experienced at sunrise or sunset. The terrain is challenging, accessible mainly through organized four-wheel-drive tours. Visitors may also find fossilized remains of marine life embedded in the rock strata, a reminder of the area’s ancient natural history.
As Saudi Arabia continues to expand its tourism sector, Riyadh is increasingly recognized as a primary gateway for travelers seeking to explore the country’s cultural heritage and natural landmarks. The city’s blend of historical sites and contemporary urban development reflects Saudi Arabia’s broader efforts to diversify its economy and promote international tourism.