Archaeologists have uncovered evidence suggesting a Neanderthal who lived approximately 75,000 years ago was deliberately killed by a wooden spear. The finding comes from the analysis of a shoulder blade discovered in Shanidar Cave, located in Iraqi Kurdistan, a site known for Neanderthal remains and thought to have served as a burial ground.

Researchers from Cambridge University identified a circular hole about 15 millimeters in diameter in the thin bone of the scapula, which they believe was caused by a wooden spear thrust into the left side of the victim’s chest. According to the team, the wound’s position and shape are consistent with an intentional attack aimed toward the heart, likely resulting in rapid death. Small bone fragments surrounding the hole indicate the spear entered the chest from the front and pierced through to the backside of the shoulder blade.

The remains, designated as Shanidar A, include parts of a shoulder blade, ribs, a hand, and seven teeth. The individual was estimated to be around 45 years old at the time of death. Due to the absence of recoverable genetic material, it is unclear whether Shanidar A was male or female. The neat, round shape of the hole contrasts with marks that would be left by stone spearheads, which tend to be more angular. The researchers argue that this supports the conclusion that the weapon was made of wood.

Dr. Emma Pomeroy, who led the study, noted that the force necessary to drive the spear through the body and the wound’s placement indicate an intended kill shot. She also pointed out that the assailant must have been facing the victim during the attack. While the evidence strongly suggests deliberate violence, the researchers acknowledge alternative explanations, such as the injury resulting from a hunting accident, cannot be completely excluded.

This discovery is significant as it provides rare insight into interpersonal violence among Neanderthals. Previous evidence of Neanderthal weaponry shows they were capable of producing wooden spears, with a notable example dating back around 420,000 years found in Clacton-on-Sea, England. Neanderthals disappeared approximately 40,000 years ago but left genetic traces in modern humans due to interbreeding.

The study detailing these findings was published in the journal Scientific Reports.