Educators’ increasing reliance on artificial intelligence (AI) in classrooms is raising concerns about its potential impact on student learning and critical thinking skills, according to critics of the technology’s widespread adoption.

In recent years, schools across the United States have integrated digital devices such as iPads and smartphones into the educational environment. Despite these technological advances, reading scores have declined in 83% of school districts, underscoring ongoing challenges in literacy achievement. Now, many K-12 schools and higher education institutions are permitting students to use AI tools to assist with assignments—such as generating plot summaries instead of reading texts, brainstorming essay ideas, and editing written work.

Proponents of AI argue that familiarizing students with “innovative” technologies is essential to preparing them for a rapidly evolving digital landscape. However, critics warn that this convenience may come at a significant cost. Andy Smarick, an education policy expert, contends that allowing AI to expedite academic tasks undermines the deliberate effort necessary for learning. He emphasized that education fundamentally involves “slow, arduous work” which cultivates critical thinking, a core objective of schooling.

Research cited by opponents suggests that frequent dependence on AI can lead to cognitive laziness, diminishing students’ abilities to read, write, calculate, and engage deeply with study materials. This mental dependency raises concerns about whether future generations will develop the intellectual resilience needed to solve complex problems and communicate effectively. Smarick warns that as these students enter adulthood, society may look back in disbelief at how AI was allowed to supplant essential cognitive development.

As the debate continues, educators and policymakers must weigh the potential benefits of AI integration against the risks of eroding foundational skills. Striking a balance between embracing new technologies and preserving essential learning processes remains a critical challenge for the nation’s education system.