Soil scientists are shedding new light on the complex and dynamic ecosystem beneath our feet, revealing an “underground orchestra” that plays a crucial role in environmental health. This subterranean activity, characterized by a range of sounds created by plant roots and various invertebrates, offers important clues about soil vitality.

Researchers, including soil expert Frank Ashwood, have recorded these natural noises, describing them as a sustained low rumble from roots growing through the earth, the rustling akin to raking sand, creaking reminiscent of a wooden house settling, and a series of distinct clicks. These sounds emanate from a diverse community of soil-dwelling creatures such as ants, beetles, springtails, fly larvae, centipedes, woodlice, and even spiders. The volume and variety of this activity serve as indicators of soil health, with greater bustle signifying a more robust ecosystem.

Ashwood highlights the significance of springtails, tiny insects vital to soil processes. These organisms are notable not only for their ecological role as decomposers but also for their impressive ability to jump up to 100 times their body length. Their capacity for high leaps helps them survive and contribute to soil aeration and nutrient cycling.

Dead and decaying wood also plays a pivotal role in maintaining healthy soil and forest ecosystems. Historically, fallen wood was often cleared away; however, modern understanding emphasizes its importance. As many as 40 percent of forest organisms rely on dead wood for shelter and food. Gardeners and conservationists now intentionally create damp log piles to support biodiversity.

The soil environment hosts a variety of remarkable creatures with unique adaptations. Among them is a mite species that has reproduced exclusively through parthenogenesis—virgin birth— for over 100 million years, exemplifying a rare and successful reproductive strategy. Other species include the invasive Asian jumping worm, the extinct trigonotarbid arachnid relatives, the velvet worm with specialized adhesive organs, and the Badischer Riesenregenwurm, a giant earthworm native to Germany’s Black Forest that can reach lengths of up to two feet.

Contrary to common assumptions, some of the richest soils are found beneath ancient grasslands rather than forests. These relatively undisturbed ecosystems can harbor as much as 100 tonnes of living biomass per hectare underground, equivalent to the weight of about 15 African bull elephants beneath a standard rugby pitch.

Historically, forests covered approximately 80 percent of the Earth’s surface, a figure now reduced to around 32 percent due to human activity. While afforestation efforts continue, Ashwood advocates for agroforestry—systems that integrate trees with grasslands or crops, creating wood pastures that resemble many traditional European farmlands. He argues this approach better supports biodiversity, soil health, and sustainable land use.

With global estimates indicating that at least one-third of soils are moderately to severely degraded, experts stress the growing need to recognize soil as a vital resource. Protecting and nurturing soil ecosystems is essential for preserving wildlife, maintaining natural processes, and ensuring the future of food production and environmental stability.