Angiostrongylus vasorum, a parasitic lungworm affecting dogs, has become an increasing concern across various regions of the United Kingdom, including northern England and Scotland. Originally identified in 1866, this parasite's complete life cycle remained unclear for over a century, hindering effective treatment approaches. Initially limited to South West England and parts of Wales, the lungworm has since expanded its range.

Dogs and foxes acquire the infection primarily by consuming slugs and snails carrying the worm’s larvae. Once ingested, the larvae migrate to the lungs, mature, and move to the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery. There, adult worms lay eggs, which enter small blood vessels in the lungs, hatch into larvae, and are expelled through coughing and feces. The cycle continues when slugs and snails ingest these larvae. This intricate life cycle depends on the ingestion of infected slugs or snails by dogs.

Clinical signs in affected dogs vary widely and may include coughing, difficulty breathing, poor exercise tolerance, nosebleeds, bruising, loss of appetite, and neurological symptoms. While mild infections might show minimal signs, severe cases can lead to sudden death. Treatments are now available and are also used preventively, with veterinary guidance crucial to assess risk based on geographic location and the dog's exposure to slugs and snails.

In a separate concern for pet health, feline infectious anaemia has been identified as a cause of anemia in cats. This disease is caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis, a bacterium that attaches to red blood cells and leads to their destruction. Historically known as Haemobartonella felis, the condition was first noted in the 1970s. Transmission was believed to be mainly through fleas; however, more recent evidence suggests that transmission via bite wounds during fights may be more common. Nonetheless, flea control remains important to reduce blood loss.

The infection appears relatively uncommon among cats in the UK. Diagnosis typically requires PCR testing, and effective treatments exist for confirmed cases. Owners of cats showing signs of weakness or anemia are encouraged to consult their veterinarians for proper diagnosis and care.

Veterinary professionals emphasize the importance of individualized parasite prevention programmes, especially for dogs at risk of exposure to infected slugs and snails, as well as appropriate measures to protect cats from infectious anemia.