Why we need iodine

By the Editorial Team · Sunday, September 20, 2026

Medical experts warn that symptoms like difficulty swallowing, persistent hoarseness, or a sensitive throat may signal iodine deficiency, which impairs thyroid function critical for metabolism and development. Pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and those on vegan diets are especially at risk and should ensure adequate iodine intake through diet or supplementation to prevent serious health complications.

Difficulty swallowing or a persistent hoarseness may indicate an iodine deficiency, according to medical experts. Additionally, a sensitive throat—where scarves or turtleneck sweaters feel unusually constrictive—can be a warning sign of insufficient iodine levels, says Prof. Dr. Markus Essler, a specialist at the Professional Association of German Nuclear Medicine Specialists (BDN).

Iodine is an essential trace element necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, which relies on iodine to produce hormones that regulate energy metabolism, body temperature, immune responses, and brain activities. Because the human body cannot synthesize iodine naturally, it must be obtained through diet.

Chronic iodine deficiency can lead to decreased physical and cognitive performance, and the thyroid gland may enlarge, potentially developing nodules or goiter, noted Prof. Essler. The condition poses a particular risk to pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, unborn babies, and young children. Insufficient iodine intake during early developmental stages can increase the likelihood of intellectual disabilities and impaired fine motor skills.

Dietary sources rich in iodine include milk, dairy products, eggs, sea fish, and seafood. Fish such as cod and pollock are especially high in iodine, while seafood like mussels and prawns also contribute important amounts. On the other hand, plant-based foods like cereals, fruits, vegetables, and pulses generally contain low levels of iodine, according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE).

While seaweed—particularly varieties like kombu—can have high iodine content, consumer advice organizations such as the Bavarian Consumer Advice Centre caution against relying on it as a consistent iodine source due to unpredictable and sometimes excessive iodine levels. Overconsumption of certain seaweed products may pose significant health hazards.

Individuals adhering to vegan diets or those avoiding iodine-rich foods should take care to maintain adequate iodine intake. Moreover, the BDN recommends that pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as children over 13 years old, consume 150 micrograms (μg) of iodine daily through diet or supplementation. This recommendation reflects the generally low natural iodine content found in many local foods.

To prevent deficiency, daily use of iodized table salt is advised. Alternatively, supplementation with potassium iodide tablets or iodine drops—added to vegan or other diets—may be appropriate, ideally under medical supervision.

The German Nutrition Society provides specific guidelines for daily iodine intake by age group:

- Infants under 12 months: 80 μg

- Children under 7 years: 90 μg

- Children under 13 years: 120 μg

- Adolescents and adults: 150 μg

For pregnant women, the recommended daily intake increases to 220 μg, while breastfeeding women require 230 μg to support their increased physiological needs.

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