As heatwaves persist across many regions, emerging research and expert insights reveal that women tend to experience the effects of high temperatures more severely than men. This disparity is linked to physiological and hormonal differences that affect how female bodies regulate heat.

A 2025 study published in the journal Building and Environment found that women generally produce less sweat and begin sweating at higher body temperatures compared to men. Because sweating is a primary mechanism for cooling the body, this means women retain more heat before their bodies start to cool efficiently. Additionally, women typically have a higher body fat percentage, which acts as an insulating layer. During certain phases of the menstrual cycle, particularly after ovulation when progesterone levels rise, core body temperature can increase further, intensifying heat sensitivity.

Medical professionals emphasize that these hormonal fluctuations can disrupt the brain’s temperature regulation systems. Dr. Nighat Arif, an NHS general practitioner, describes heatwaves as a “stress-test” for women’s cardiovascular health, particularly in the days leading up to menstruation. Dr. Nikki Ramskill, a GP specializing in women’s health, explains that even small rises in baseline body temperature can reduce resilience to additional heat stressors, such as spicy food or hot drinks.

Conditions affecting women’s hormone levels, including pregnancy, menopause, and disorders like premenstrual syndrome (PMS), endometriosis, and adenomyosis, may exacerbate the difficulty of coping with extreme heat. Chronic pain and disrupted sleep linked to these conditions further diminish tolerance to high temperatures, experts say.

Beyond biology, lifestyle and social factors also contribute to the gender disparity in heatwave experiences. Wellness coach Geraldine Joaquim notes that chronic stress, which many women report at higher levels due to both physiological and societal pressures, can increase body temperature by raising cortisol levels. The need for many women to monitor an evolving menstrual cycle and accommodate reproductive health concerns adds layers of stress. Societal expectations around women’s appearance and behavior—such as norms discouraging visible sweating—can create additional psychological stress during heatwaves.

While no definitive solution exists to eliminate these challenges, health professionals recommend practical measures to mitigate discomfort. Short-term cooling strategies such as using frozen towels, chilled water bottles, air-conditioned environments, and specially designed bedding can offer relief. Experts also advise adapting physical activity levels during heatwaves, suggesting indoor exercises like yoga or weight training as alternatives to strenuous outdoor runs.

Importantly, experts highlight the value of open conversation about women’s unique experiences with heat. Sharing stories within communities, particularly among women, can help validate individual struggles and reduce stress. As heatwaves become more frequent, understanding and addressing these gender-specific impacts are increasingly vital to public health.