Britain is experiencing longer and hotter summers due to climate change, leading to an increased risk of health hazards traditionally seen in Mediterranean or tropical climates. Recent months have seen temperatures reach record highs of up to 40°C in some areas, resulting in school closures and travel warnings. This shift has brought changes in disease patterns, with mosquitoes carrying diseases such as yellow and dengue fever now found in southern parts of the UK, and hospital admissions for spider bites doubling in recent years.
Health experts warn of multiple challenges linked to the hotter climate, including a rise in sunburn, dehydration, respiratory issues, and skin conditions like heat rash and acne. Updated research indicates that excessive sunlight may trigger genetic changes in skin cells that promote inflammation and increase cancer risk. Dermatologists recommend using high-factor UVA and UVB sunscreens liberally and reapplying regularly to ensure adequate protection, advising around eight teaspoons of sunscreen per application for adults wearing minimal clothing.
While insect repellents forming part of summer strategies are common, recent studies caution against reliance on DEET-based products. Research led by Professor Claudio Lazzari from the University of Tours in France suggests that mosquitoes may increasingly be attracted to the scent of DEET when its concentration on the skin diminishes over time, potentially increasing bite risk. Pharmacist Noel Wicks also notes that some individuals experience adverse reactions to DEET, including skin rashes and hormone disruption, with exposure linked to lower bone density in children. As alternatives, repellents containing eucalyptus citriodora oil or picaridin have shown promising efficacy, providing extended protection against mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks, spiders, wasps, and hornets.
Ticks remain a concern year-round but present a heightened risk during warmer months when people wear less clothing outdoors. Safe removal is crucial to prevent infections like Lyme disease. Medical guidance advises removing ticks promptly with fine-toothed tweezers or specialised devices and seeking medical attention if symptoms such as rash or fever develop.
The warmer weather also promotes the activity of stinging insects such as mosquitoes, wasps, and hornets. Preventive measures include applying DEET-free repellents and avoiding scratching bites to reduce infection risk. For relief, topical creams containing natural ingredients such as tea tree, clove, lavender, aloe vera, and calendula can soothe irritation and are suitable for use on young children.
Spider bites have become more common, particularly from the false widow spider, which can cause painful reactions and symptoms like nausea and headaches. Hospital admissions related to spider bites rose from 47 in 2015 to 100 last year. Individuals engaging in outdoor activities are advised to wear gloves and insect repellent and to monitor for signs of allergic reactions or secondary infections, with appropriate medications on hand.
Respiratory conditions like asthma are also affected by heat and humidity, which can elevate pollen and pollutant levels. Experts recommend daily use of prescribed inhalers and caution against prolonged use of nasal sprays containing steroids or vasoconstrictors due to potential side effects such as rebound congestion and nosebleeds. Natural remedies based on plant extracts may offer additional relief for congestion.
Skin issues triggered by heat, including heat rash and acne, are common during hot spells. Medical advice emphasizes keeping skin clean and cool, with cool showers or baths recommended to ease symptoms. If irritation continues, treatments such as calamine lotion, oral antihistamines, or mild hydrocortisone creams may provide further relief.
As Britain adapts to these changing summer conditions, experts underscore the importance of updated preventive and treatment approaches to manage the evolving health risks associated with warmer weather.